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Refactory Knowledgebase

Standard Shapes and Dimensions


Arch Bricks	End Arch	Side Arch

Standard	Key	Side Feather

Arch	Side Skew	End Feather

Split	End Skew	wedge

A		B		C
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	21/2""
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	2"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	11/2"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	1"

A		B		C
230	X	115	X	75mm
230	X	115	X	65mm
230	X	115	X	50mm
230	X	115	X	40mm
230	X	115	X	25mm

A		B		C	D
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	2 3/4"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	2 1/2"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	2 1/2"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	2"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	13/4"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	1 1/2"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	11/4"
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	1
9"	X	4 1/2"	X	3"/	1/4"

A		B		C	D
230	X	115	X	75mm/	70mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	65mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	55mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	50mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	45mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	40mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	30mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	25mm
230	X	115	X	75mm/	6 mm

Number Of Bricks Required Per Unit Volume
A Cubic Metre	----	----	----	513 Numbers
Of Brickwork requires	----	----	----	230 X 115 X 75 mm Straights

A Cubic Foot	----	----	----	14.2 Numbers
Of Brickwork requires	----	----	----	9" X 4.5" X 3" Straights

The Volume of 1000 nos. Standard	----	----	----	230 X 115 X 75 mm Straights
Closely stacked is approximately	----	----	----	1.95 Cubic Meters

The Volume of 1000 nos. Standard	----	----	----	9" X 4.5" X 3" Straights
Closely stacked is approximately	----	----	----	71 Cubic Feet

Number of Bricks Required per Sq. Foot of Wall
Thickness Of Wall	230 X 113 X 65 mm ( 9" X 4.5" X 2.5" )	230 X 113 X 65 mm ( 9" X 4.5" X 3" )
65 mm ( 2.5" )	3.56	-
75 mm (3")	-	3.56
115 mm ( 4.5" )	6.40	5.30
230 mm ( 9" )	12.80	10.70
340 mm ( 13.5" )	19.80	16.00
460 mm ( 18" )	25.60	21.30
575 mm ( 22.5" )	32.00	26.70
690 mm ( 27" )	38.40	32.00

Some Useful Formulas


Rectangle	Acute-Angle Triangle	Regular Polygon

Circle	Sector of Circle	Parallelogram

Obtuse-Angled Triangle	Trapezium	Annular Ring

Furnace Temperature

Kind of Furnace	Degrees C	Degrees F
Boilers By-Product Coke Ovens Cement Kilns, hot Zone Copper Converters Copper Refining Furnaces Copper Reverberatories Gas Producer Glass Annealing Furnaces Glass Tanks, bottle Glass Tanks, plate Iron and Steel Furnaces Annealing Oven Blast Furnace, tapping Bessemer Converter Electric Furnaces Heating Furnaces Malleable Furnaces Open Hearths Melting Chamber Checkers Soaking Pits	1000 to 1600 1000 to 1500 1300 to 1600 1200 to 1300 1250 to 1550 1300 to 1570 1260 to 1370 0430 to 0450 1370 to 1600 1370 to 1650 0760 to 0980 1370 to 1540 1540 to 1650 1450 to 1700 0980 to 1310 1300 to 1650 0650 to 1680 0200 to 1430 1150 to 1370	1800 to 2900 1830 to 2730 2400 to 2900 2200 to 2400 2300 to 2800 2400 to 2850 2300 to 2500 0800 to 1000 2500 to 2900 2500 to 3000 1400 to 1800 2500 to 2800 2800 to 3000 2650 to 3100 1800 to 2400 2400 to 3000 1200 to 3050 0400 to 2600 2100 to 2500

Colour Scale For Temperatures
Lowest visible red Lowest visible red to dark red Dark red to cheery red Cheery red to bright cheery red Bright cheery red to Orange Orange to yellow Yellow to light yellow Light yellow to white White to Dazzling white	475 475 to 650 650 to 750 750 to 815 815 to 900 900 to 1090 1090 to 1315 1315 to 1540 1540 to Over	885 885 to 1200 1200 to 1380 1380 to 1500 1500 to 1650 1650 to 2000 2000 to 2400 2400 to 2800 2800 to Over

TEMPERATURE END POINTS OF PYROMETRIC CONES

DEFINATION : Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (P.C.E.) – In the case of refractories, the number of that standard cone whose tip would touch the supporting plaque simultaneously with a cone of the material being investigated when tested in accordance with the Standard Method of test for P.C.E. of Fireclay Bricks IS: 1528 Part-I 1980 of the Indian Standard Institute.
Note: The terms – “fusion point”, “Softening point”, “deformation point” and melting point have heretofore been lossely used for “pyrometric cone equivalent”.

Large Cones			P. C. E. Cones
Orton Cone	ºC	ºF	Orton Cone	ºC	ºF
022 021 020 019	585 602 625 668	1085 1116 1157 1234	11 12 13 14	1294 1306 1349 1398	2361 2383 2460 2548
018 017 016 015	696 727 767 790	1285 1341 1407 1454	15 16 17 18	1430 1491 1512 1522	2606 2716 2754 2772
014 013 012 011	834 869 866 886	1533 1596 1591 1627	19 20 23 26	1541 1564 1605 1621	2806 2847 2921 2950
010 09 08 07	887 915 945 973	1629 1679 1733 1783	27 29 31 31	1640 1659 1683 1699	2984 3018 3061 3090
06 05 04 03	991 1031 1050 1086	1816 1888 1922 1987	32 32 33 34	1717 1724 1743 1763	3123 3135 3169 3205
02 01 1 2	1101 1117 1136 1142	2014 2043 2077 2088	35 36 37 38	1785 1804 1820 1820	3245 3279 3308 3362
3 4 5 6	1152 1168 1177 1201	2106 2134 2151 2194	39 40 41 42	1865 1885 1970 2015	3389 3425 3525 3659
7 8 9 10	1215 1236 1260 1285	2219 2257 2300 2345	-	-	-
*Note: Pyrometric cones do not give an accurate measurement of temperature. Where it is desired to interpret P.C.E. values approximately in terms of temperature, The table above may be used. This table had been approved by the A.S.M.T. based on the work of Fairchild and peters, J. Amer. Cer. Soc. 9, 701-43, 1926. Revision in the A.S.M.T. cones 12 to 37 inclusive were adopted in June, 1955, A.S.M.T. Standards 1955, 711.715 Heating rate: Cones 022 to 37 inclusive, 150ºCent. Per hour (270ºF per hour); Cones 38, 100º Cent. Per hour (180ºF per hours). The temperatures do not apply to the slower of heating common in the commercial firing and to use of refractory materials. This chart as been adopted by bureau of Indian Standards
Cooperative Chart showing Cones Nos. and Temperature for segar & Orton Cones
Cone No.	Segar(º)	Orton (º)	Cone No. (º)	Segar (º)	Orton (º)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 26 27 27½ 28 29 30	1395 1410 1440 1470 1500 1520 1540 1560 - 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680	1349 1398 1430 1491 1512 1522 1541 1564 1605 1621 1640 - 1646 1659 1665	31 31º½ 32 32½ 33 33½ 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42	1700 - 1710 1720 1730 1740 1760 1780 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1940 1980	1683 1699 1717 1724 1743 - 1763 1785 1804 1820 1835 1865 1885 1970 2015
Conversion Table Cold Crushing Strength
Kg/cm² KB/IN² Kg/cm² KB/IN²	100 1,422 - -	200 2,844 600 8,532	300 4,266 700 9,954	400 5,688 800 11,376	500 7,110 900 12,798
Calorie
1,000 K.Cal 1,000 BTU		1,500 5,952		1,000 3,968
Thermal Conductivity
K. Cal /m/hr/ºC B.T.U./in/hr./ºF		- 4,032	0.5 8,064	1 24,194	3 -
Density
g/cm³ ib/ft³ ib/in³ g/cm³ ib/ft³ ib/in³	1.9 119 0.06865 - - -	2.1 131 0.07587 2.9 181 0.10478	2.5 144 0.0831 3.1 194 0.11200	2.5 156 0.09033 3.3 206 0.11923	2.7 169 0.09755 3.5 219 0.12646

Melting Points of Few Refractory Compounds

Compound

Formula

M.P. (˚C)

Alumina

Al₂O₃

2050

Lime

CaO

2575

Chromite

FeO.Cr₂O₃

2180

Cohromium Oxide

Cr₂O₃

2275

Magnesia

MgO

2800

Silica

SiO₂

1715

Titania

TiO₂

1850

Zircon

ZrO₂-SiO₂

1675

Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials

Material

Formula

Specific Gravity

Andalusite

Al₂O₃SiO₂

3.1-3.2

Raw Bauxite

Al₂O₃2H₂O

2.55

Kyanite

Al₂O₃SiO₂

3.5-3.6

Chromite

FeO.Cr₂O₃

4.32-4.57

Corundum

Al₂O₃

3.95-4.1

Diaspore

Al₂O₃H₂O

3.3-3.5

Dolomite

CaCO₃.MgCo₃

2.88-2.99

Gibbsite

Al₂O₃.3H₂O

2.-3.42

Magnesite

MgCo₃

2.95-3.2

Mullite

3Al₂O₃. 2 SiO₂

3.03

Periclase

MgO

3.58-3.67

Quartz

SiO₂

2.65

Sillimanite

Al₂O₃ SiO₂

3.23-3.25

Spinel

MgO-Al₂O₃

3.5-4.1

Tridymite

SiO₂

2.26-2.28

Zircon

ZrSiO₄

4.7